About this event

  • Date and time Wed 21 Oct 2026 from 5:30pm to 7:45pm
  • Location Royal Society of Medicine
  • Organised by History of Medicine Society

Join the Royal Society of Medicine (RSM) History of Medicine Section for this hybrid evening event exploring the role of retrospective diagnosis in understanding historical figures and what happens when modern medical knowledge meets the historical record.

Interest in applying contemporary clinical reasoning to historical figures and artefacts is growing, yet opportunities to examine its methods, limitations and relevance remain rare. For long-dead individuals, diagnostic evidence is largely confined to surviving documents, artefacts and artistic representations, with skeletal or biological remains available only in exceptional cases. This evening examines how these sources can be used together with rigour and appropriate caution to characterise the illnesses of historical figures and what medicine can, and cannot reliably tell us about the past

Dr Nick Summerton will examine the process, outcomes and relevance of retrospective diagnosis, while Professor Nadey Hakin will explore the challenges of icono-diagnosis, demonstrating how sculpting the heads of well-known individuals can offer practical insights into the interpretation of facial features and artistic representations. Consequently, this event will demonstrate how clinical reasoning can be applied to historical evidence, highlighting the methodological rigour required for retrospective diagnosis and the interpretation of historical subjects, artistic representations and anatomical reconstruction.

Why attend?

  • Hear from leading experts in medical history, surgery and academia, including Professor Nadey Hakim, President of the History of Medicine Society and Dr Nick Summerton  
  • Gain insights into the intersection of medicine, art and history through the reconstruction and sculpting of the human head
  • Learn about the challenges of diagnosing illnesses of historical figures and how sculpting can inform icono-diagnosis
  • Take part in a multidisciplinary programme that demonstrates how anatomical and surgical knowledge can be applied beyond clinical practice
  • Continue the conversation over an optional dinner following the event, available to pre-registered delegates

Aims of the event:

The event aims to:

  • Provide a practical understanding of the methodological rigour used in the retrospective diagnosis of historical figures
  • Develop an understanding of the strengths, opportunities and challenges involved in the retrospective diagnosis of historical evidence and sources including documents, sculptures and artistic representations
  • Support interdisciplinary thinking about the role of medicine in understanding history, art and society

Learning outcomes:

By the end of this event, participants will be able to:

  • Identify the characteristics of facial sculpture and its relevance to icono-diagnosis and retrospective diagnosis
  • Analyse the historical evidence used to develop retrospective diagnoses of Roman emperors and medieval monarchs, recognising both its strengths and limitations
  • Evaluate the process, outcomes and relevance of retrospective diagnosis, including the challenges of interpreting historical evidence

Who should attend?

This event is relevant to:

  • Clinicians and healthcare professionals with an interest in medical history
  • Historians, academics and researchers
  • Students across medicine, history and related disciplines
  • Members of the public with an interest in medical history and the application of modern medicine to historical figures.
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Key speakers

Professor Nadey Hakim

Professor Nadey Hakim, MD, PhD Hon.D.Arts

Current President of History of Medicine Section at the RSM; President of The Transplantation Society; Vice President of the International Medical Sciences Academy; Professor of General Surgery at Lerner College of Medicine: International Relations Director Cleveland Clinic London; Professor of General Surgery Lerner College of Medicine Cleveland Clinic; Visiting Professor of Transplantation, University of Oxford; President of The Transplantation Society; President American College of Surgeons (UK Chapter)

Speaker's biography

Professor Hakim gained his medical degree from Paris Descartes University with the prestigious award of "Laureate of the Faculty of Medicine". He then trained in Surgery at Guy’s Hospital London before obtaining his PhD after completing a Gastrointestinal Fellowship at the Mayo Clinic and a Transplant Fellowship at the University of Minnesota. Professor Hakim’s academic awards and professional achievements are also extensive, including: five honorary professorships at universities worldwide including Baskent University and several international visiting professorships. In 2007, he was awarded the J. Wesley Alexander Prize for outstanding transplantation research.

 

Additionally, Professor Hakim established the first Pancreas Transplant Programme in South-East England and served as the British surgeon on the international team that performed the world’s first successful arm transplant. He was also the first surgeon to be awarded the prestigious Max Thorek Professorship of Surgery.

 

Formerly World President of the International College of Surgeons and Vice President of the Royal Society of Medicine and British Red Cross, he is a member of several professional organisations, holds educational roles such as Assessor for the Royal College of Surgeons of England, Member of the International Relations Committee of the American College of Surgeons and President of the UK Chapter of the American College of Surgeons. With over 250 peer-reviewed papers and 24 textbooks, he is also a prolific author and sought-after international speaker.

Nick Summerton

Nick Summerton

President Elect of the RSM History of Medicine Section

Speaker's biography

Dr Nick Summerton is President-Elect of the RSM History of Medicine Section and a graduate of the University of Oxford. In parallel with his work in general practice, public health and clinical epidemiology, Nick has developed interests in Roman archaeology and ancient medicine. He has an extensive list of publications including seven books, three of which focus on medical history.

 

Currently, Nick is focusing on the tangled relationship between the medical past and the medical present. He is particularly keen to work with others to enhance both the quality and the relevance of medical historical research.

Agenda

View the programme 21 October 2026

Registration, tea and coffee
Welcome and introduction

Chair: Professor Marguerite Dupree, President 2025 - 2026, History of Medicine Society, Royal Society of Medicine 

The retrospective diagnosis of historical figures: Process, outputs and relevance

Dr Nick Summerton, Honorary Senior Lecturer, Hull-York Medical School  

The surgeon's gaze is one that sees more than just skin: Sculpting a head

Professor Nadey Hakim, Professor of Surgery and International Relations Director, Cleveland Clinic London, President 2026-2027, History of Medicine Society, Royal Society of Medicine 

Panel discussion
Close of meeting
Optional dinner
View the programme - Virtual 20 October 2021

Welcome and introduction

Chair: Professor Marguerite Dupree, President 2025 - 2026, History of Medicine Society, Royal Society of Medicine 

The retrospective diagnosis of historical figures: Process, outputs and relevance

 Dr Nick Summerton, Honorary Senior Lecturer, Hull-York Medical School 

The surgeon's gaze is one that sees more than just skin: Sculpting a head.

 Professor Nadey Hakim, Professor of Surgery and International Relations Director, Cleveland Clinic London, President 2026-2027, History of Medicine Society, Royal Society of Medicine 

Panel discussion
Close of meeting

Location

Royal Society of Medicine, 1 Wimpole St, Marylebone, London, W1G 0AE, United Kingdom

Registration for this event will close at 1:00am on 13 October 2026 for in-person registrants and 21 October 2026 for virtual registrants. Late registrations will not be accepted. 

The agenda is subject to change. 

Where the event is recorded, only presentations for which permission has been granted will be made available after the event. The availability of recordings is at the discretion of the speakers and the Royal Society of Medicine. Recordings may be distributed in the future via RSM digital channels. 

All views expressed at this event are those of the individual speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Royal Society of Medicine or the speakers’ organisations.